From e9c83a37c44c0b8ad79e3c34c4c656e2f38c44c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cole Landers <jclanders@pm.me>
Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 20:23:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH] Chip8-em init commit

---
 .gitignore                              |    1 +
 Cargo.lock                              | 1469 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 Cargo.toml                              |   10 +
 assets/pluck.wav                        |  Bin 0 -> 19280 bytes
 programs/1-chip8-logo.ch8               |  Bin 0 -> 260 bytes
 programs/2-ibm-logo.ch8                 |  Bin 0 -> 132 bytes
 programs/4-flags.ch8                    |  Bin 0 -> 1041 bytes
 programs/5-quirks.ch8                   |  Bin 0 -> 3232 bytes
 programs/6-keypad.ch8                   |  Bin 0 -> 913 bytes
 programs/7-beep.ch8                     |  Bin 0 -> 110 bytes
 programs/Airplane.ch8                   |  Bin 0 -> 356 bytes
 programs/Nim [Carmelo Cortez, 1978].ch8 |  Bin 0 -> 182 bytes
 programs/br8kout.ch8                    |  Bin 0 -> 199 bytes
 programs/corax.ch8                      |  Bin 0 -> 761 bytes
 programs/snake.ch8                      |  Bin 0 -> 1438 bytes
 programs/test.ch8                       |  Bin 0 -> 30 bytes
 src/chip8.rs                            |  149 +++
 src/chip8/cpu.rs                        |  159 +++
 src/chip8/debug.rs                      |   27 +
 src/chip8/gpu.rs                        |  135 +++
 src/chip8/input.rs                      |   78 ++
 src/chip8/memory.rs                     |   45 +
 src/chip8/renderer.rs                   |   28 +
 src/main.rs                             |   27 +
 24 files changed, 2128 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .gitignore
 create mode 100644 Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 assets/pluck.wav
 create mode 100644 programs/1-chip8-logo.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/2-ibm-logo.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/4-flags.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/5-quirks.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/6-keypad.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/7-beep.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/Airplane.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/Nim [Carmelo Cortez, 1978].ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/br8kout.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/corax.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/snake.ch8
 create mode 100644 programs/test.ch8
 create mode 100644 src/chip8.rs
 create mode 100644 src/chip8/cpu.rs
 create mode 100644 src/chip8/debug.rs
 create mode 100644 src/chip8/gpu.rs
 create mode 100644 src/chip8/input.rs
 create mode 100644 src/chip8/memory.rs
 create mode 100644 src/chip8/renderer.rs
 create mode 100644 src/main.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
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index 0000000..ea8c4bf
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diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/programs/test.ch8 b/programs/test.ch8
new file mode 100644
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GIT binary patch
literal 30
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/src/chip8.rs b/src/chip8.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22b77ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+mod cpu;
+mod debug;
+mod gpu;
+mod input;
+mod memory;
+mod renderer;
+
+use rodio::source::{SineWave, Source};
+
+static MEMORY_LIMIT: i32 = 4096;
+static STACK_LIMIT: i32 = 16;
+static VARIABLE_REGISTER_COUNT: i32 = 16;
+static TIMER_TICK_RATE: u32 = 60;
+static DESIRED_FPS: u32 = 165;
+static CYCLES_PER_FRAME: u32 = 10;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct Chip8State {
+    // Flags
+    eti_600_flag: bool,
+
+    // Memory
+    mem: [u8; MEMORY_LIMIT as usize],
+    stack: [u16; STACK_LIMIT as usize],
+
+    // Registers
+    r_v: [u8; VARIABLE_REGISTER_COUNT as usize], // General Purpose
+    r_i: u16,                                    // Memory Addresses
+    r_dt: u8,                                    // Delay Timer
+    r_st: u8,                                    // Sound Timer
+    r_pc: u16,                                   // Program Counter
+    r_sp: u8,                                    // Stack Pointer
+
+    // Display
+    display: [[bool; gpu::CHIP8_DISPLAY_WIDTH as usize]; gpu::CHIP8_DISPLAY_HEIGHT as usize],
+
+    // Input
+    input: [bool; 16],
+}
+
+pub fn run<S: AsRef<str>>(chip8_executable_filepath: S, debug_mode: bool) {
+    let mut state = Chip8State {
+        eti_600_flag: false,
+        mem: [0; 4096],
+        stack: [0; 16],
+        r_v: [0; 16],
+        r_i: 0,
+        r_dt: 2,
+        r_st: 0,
+        r_pc: 0,
+        r_sp: 0,
+        display: [[false; 64]; 32],
+        input: [false; 16],
+    };
+
+    if !state.eti_600_flag {
+        state.r_pc = 0x200;
+    } else {
+        state.r_pc = 0x600;
+    }
+
+    // Load Program
+    let _ = memory::load_file_to_memory(&mut state, chip8_executable_filepath.as_ref());
+
+    // Run Program
+    start(&mut state, debug_mode);
+}
+
+fn start(state: &mut Chip8State, debug_mode: bool) {
+    // TODO rip out as much RL stuff from here and put into renderer
+    // Init Rendering Pipeline
+    let (mut rl, thread) = raylib::init()
+        .size(renderer::DISPLAY_WIDTH, renderer::DISPLAY_HEIGHT)
+        .title("Chip8 Emu")
+        .build();
+    rl.set_target_fps(DESIRED_FPS); // Should see if i can get the users hz
+    if !debug_mode {
+        rl.set_trace_log(raylib::ffi::TraceLogLevel::LOG_NONE);
+    }
+
+    // initialize timer
+    let mut timer_accumulator: f32 = 0.0f32;
+    let timer_increment: f32 = TIMER_TICK_RATE as f32 / DESIRED_FPS as f32;
+
+    // initialize builtin sprites
+    gpu::load_builtin_sprites(state);
+
+    // initialize sound system look into struct and impl for functions
+    let stream_handle =
+        rodio::OutputStreamBuilder::open_default_stream().expect("open default audio stream");
+    let sink = rodio::Sink::connect_new(&stream_handle.mixer());
+
+    let source = SineWave::new(440.0)
+        .amplify(0.2) // Volume (0.0 to 1.0)
+        .repeat_infinite();
+
+    sink.append(source);
+    sink.play();
+
+    while !rl.window_should_close() {
+        if state.r_pc > 4095 {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        let sound_volume = sink.volume();
+        if state.r_st > 0 {
+            if sound_volume < 1.0f32 {
+                sink.set_volume(0.2f32);
+            }
+        } else {
+            sink.set_volume(0.0f32);
+        }
+
+        input::handle_input(state, &mut rl);
+
+        for _ in 0..CYCLES_PER_FRAME {
+            let instruction_bytes =
+                memory::read_n_bytes(&state.mem, state.mem.len(), state.r_pc as usize, 2);
+            let instruction: u16 =
+                ((instruction_bytes[0] as u16) << 8) | instruction_bytes[1] as u16;
+            state.r_pc += 2;
+
+            if debug_mode {
+                debug::print_debug(state, instruction);
+            }
+
+            cpu::execute_instruction(state, instruction);
+        }
+
+        // move to timers.rs
+        // timers::tick();
+        if (state.r_dt | state.r_st) > 0 {
+            timer_accumulator += timer_increment;
+            while timer_accumulator >= 1.0f32 {
+                if state.r_dt > 0 {
+                    state.r_dt -= 1;
+                };
+                if state.r_st > 0 {
+                    state.r_st -= 1;
+                }
+                timer_accumulator -= 1.0f32;
+            }
+        } else {
+            timer_accumulator = 0.0f32;
+        }
+
+        renderer::render(&state, &mut rl, &thread);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/chip8/cpu.rs b/src/chip8/cpu.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf10e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8/cpu.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+use crate::chip8::gpu;
+
+use super::Chip8State;
+use super::memory::read_n_bytes;
+
+// Need to come back and add good comments for each of the match patterns
+pub fn execute_instruction(state: &mut Chip8State, instruction: u16) {
+    let c = ((instruction & 0xF000) >> 12) as u8;
+    let x = ((instruction & 0x0F00) >> 8) as u8;
+    let y = ((instruction & 0x00F0) >> 4) as u8;
+    let d = (instruction & 0x000F) as u8;
+    let n = d;
+    let kk = (instruction & 0x00FF) as u8;
+    let nnn = (instruction & 0x0FFF) as u16;
+
+    match (c, x, y, d) {
+        (0x0, _, 0xE, 0x0) => {
+            for row in state.display.iter_mut() {
+                for col in row {
+                    *col = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        (0x0, _, 0xE, 0xE) => {
+            state.r_sp -= 1;
+            state.r_pc = state.stack[state.r_sp as usize];
+        }
+        (0x1, _, _, _) => state.r_pc = nnn,
+        (0x2, _, _, _) => {
+            state.stack[state.r_sp as usize] = state.r_pc;
+            state.r_sp += 1;
+            state.r_pc = nnn;
+        }
+        (0x3, _, _, _) => {
+            if state.r_v[x as usize] == kk {
+                state.r_pc += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        (0x4, _, _, _) => {
+            if state.r_v[x as usize] != kk {
+                state.r_pc += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        (0x5, _, _, _) => {
+            if state.r_v[x as usize] == state.r_v[y as usize] {
+                state.r_pc += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        (0x6, _, _, _) => state.r_v[x as usize] = kk,
+        (0x7, _, _, _) => state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_v[x as usize].wrapping_add(kk),
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x0) => state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_v[y as usize],
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x1) => state.r_v[x as usize] |= state.r_v[y as usize],
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x2) => state.r_v[x as usize] &= state.r_v[y as usize],
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x3) => state.r_v[x as usize] ^= state.r_v[y as usize],
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x4) => {
+            let val: u16 = state.r_v[x as usize] as u16 + state.r_v[y as usize] as u16;
+            if val > u8::MAX as u16 {
+                state.r_v[x as usize] = (val & 0xFFFF) as u8;
+                state.r_v[0xF] = 1;
+            } else {
+                state.r_v[x as usize] = val as u8;
+                state.r_v[0xF] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x5) => {
+            let flag = state.r_v[x as usize] > state.r_v[y as usize];
+            state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_v[x as usize].wrapping_sub(state.r_v[y as usize]);
+            state.r_v[0xF] = if flag { 1 } else { 0 };
+        }
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x6) => {
+            let flag = (state.r_v[x as usize] & 0b00000001) == 1;
+            state.r_v[0xF] = if flag { 1 } else { 0 };
+            state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_v[x as usize] / 2;
+        }
+        (0x8, _, _, 0x7) => {
+            let flag = state.r_v[x as usize] < state.r_v[y as usize];
+            state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_v[y as usize].wrapping_sub(state.r_v[x as usize]);
+            state.r_v[0xF] = if flag { 1 } else { 0 };
+        }
+        (0x8, _, _, 0xE) => {
+            let flag = ((state.r_v[x as usize] & 0b10000000) >> 7) == 1;
+            state.r_v[0xF] = if flag { 1 } else { 0 };
+            state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_v[x as usize].wrapping_mul(2);
+        }
+        (0x9, _, _, _) => {
+            if state.r_v[x as usize] != state.r_v[y as usize] {
+                state.r_pc += 2
+            }
+        }
+        (0xA, _, _, _) => state.r_i = nnn,
+        (0xB, _, _, _) => state.r_pc = nnn + state.r_v[0] as u16,
+        (0xC, _, _, _) => {
+            let rng = rand::random_range(0..256) as u8;
+            let result = rng & kk;
+            state.r_v[x as usize] = result;
+        }
+        (0xD, _, _, _) => {
+            state.r_v[0xF] = 0;
+            let bytes = read_n_bytes(&state.mem, state.mem.len(), state.r_i as usize, n as usize);
+            gpu::draw(state, x, y, &bytes, n);
+        }
+        (0xE, _, _, 0xE) => {
+            let key_index = state.r_v[x as usize];
+            if state.input[key_index as usize] {
+                state.r_pc += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        (0xE, _, _, 0x1) => {
+            let key_index = state.r_v[x as usize];
+            if !state.input[key_index as usize] {
+                state.r_pc += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        (0xF, _, 0x0, 0x7) => state.r_v[x as usize] = state.r_dt,
+        (0xF, _, 0x0, 0xA) => {
+            let mut is_key_pressed = false;
+            for i in 0..state.input.len() {
+                if state.input[i] {
+                    state.r_v[x as usize] = i as u8;
+                    is_key_pressed = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if !is_key_pressed {
+                state.r_pc -= 2; // set the pc back to this instruction, otherwise can't handle input
+            }
+        }
+        (0xF, _, 0x1, 0x5) => state.r_dt = state.r_v[x as usize],
+        (0xF, _, 0x1, 0x8) => state.r_st = state.r_v[x as usize],
+        (0xF, _, 0x1, 0xE) => state.r_i = state.r_i + state.r_v[x as usize] as u16,
+        (0xF, _, 0x2, 0x9) => state.r_i = gpu::get_builtin_sprite_addr(x) as u16,
+        (0xF, _, 0x3, 0x3) => {
+            let mut decimal = state.r_v[x as usize];
+            let mut i = 3;
+            loop {
+                i = i - 1;
+                state.mem[(state.r_i + i) as usize] = decimal % 10;
+                decimal = decimal / 10;
+
+                if i == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        (0xF, _, _, 0x5) => {
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i <= x {
+                match y {
+                    0x5 => state.mem[(state.r_i + i as u16) as usize] = state.r_v[i as usize],
+                    0x6 => state.r_v[i as usize] = state.mem[(state.r_i + i as u16) as usize],
+                    _ => panic!("Unmatched OPCODE 0xFx{}5", y),
+                }
+
+                i = i + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/chip8/debug.rs b/src/chip8/debug.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22fc0f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8/debug.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use std::io::{self, Read};
+
+use super::Chip8State;
+
+pub fn print_debug(state: &Chip8State, current_instruction: u16) {
+    print!("\x1b[H\x1b[J");
+    println!("----  DEBUG ----");
+    println!("PC: {:04X}", state.r_pc - 2); // -2 because of where i put this log in the main loop
+    println!("SP: {}", state.r_sp);
+    println!("I: {:04X}", state.r_i);
+    println!("DT: {}", state.r_dt);
+    println!("ST: {}", state.r_st);
+    for x in 0..state.r_v.len() {
+        if state.r_v[x] > 0 {
+            println!("V{}: {}", x, state.r_v[x]);
+        }
+    }
+    for x in 0..state.input.len() {
+        if state.input[x] == true {
+            println!("Pressed: {}", x);
+        }
+    }
+    println!("Current Instruction: {:04X}", current_instruction);
+    println!("----------------");
+    println!("Press Enter to continue...");
+    let _ = io::stdin().read(&mut [0u8]).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/src/chip8/gpu.rs b/src/chip8/gpu.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c12f2e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8/gpu.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+use crate::chip8::memory;
+
+use super::Chip8State;
+
+pub static CHIP8_DISPLAY_WIDTH: i32 = 64;
+pub static CHIP8_DISPLAY_HEIGHT: i32 = 32;
+pub static SPRITE_WIDTH: u8 = 8;
+
+// I probably don't need state here
+// refactor to just receive a mutatable buffer
+pub fn draw(state: &mut Chip8State, vx: u8, vy: u8, bytes_to_draw: &[u8], bytes_to_draw_len: u8) {
+    let mut bytes_idx = 0;
+    let start_x = state.r_v[vx as usize];
+    let start_y = state.r_v[vy as usize];
+    for y in start_y..start_y + bytes_to_draw_len {
+        if (y as i32) < CHIP8_DISPLAY_HEIGHT {
+            // 8 is the hardcoded sprite width, has to atleast have 1 8 bit value to display
+            let mut bit_idx = 0;
+            for x in start_x..start_x + SPRITE_WIDTH {
+                if (x as i32) < CHIP8_DISPLAY_WIDTH {
+                    let sprite_pixel = ((bytes_to_draw[bytes_idx] >> (7 - bit_idx)) & 1) == 1;
+                    let current_pixel = state.display[y as usize][x as usize];
+                    let new_pixel = current_pixel ^ sprite_pixel;
+
+                    state.display[y as usize][x as usize] = new_pixel;
+
+                    if new_pixel != current_pixel {
+                        state.r_v[0xF] = 1;
+                    }
+
+                    bit_idx += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        bytes_idx += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn load_builtin_sprites(state: &mut Chip8State) {
+    memory::load_bytes(
+        state,
+        &BUILTIN_SPIRTES,
+        BUILTIN_SPIRTES.len(),
+        BUILTIN_SPRITES_ADDR as usize,
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn get_builtin_sprite_addr(sprite_index: u8) -> u8 {
+    return BUILTIN_SPRITES_ADDR + (sprite_index * BUILTIN_SPRITES_SIZE);
+}
+
+static BUILTIN_SPRITES_ADDR: u8 = 0;
+static BUILTIN_SPRITES_SIZE: u8 = 5;
+static BUILTIN_SPIRTES: [u8; 80] = [
+    0xF0, // 0
+    0x90, // 0
+    0x90, // 0
+    0x90, // 0
+    0xF0, // 0
+    0x20, // 1
+    0x60, // 1
+    0x20, // 1
+    0x20, // 1
+    0x70, // 1
+    0xF0, // 2
+    0x10, // 2
+    0xF0, // 2
+    0x80, // 2
+    0xF0, // 2
+    0xF0, // 3
+    0x10, // 3
+    0xF0, // 3
+    0x10, // 3
+    0xF0, // 3
+    0x90, // 4
+    0x90, // 4
+    0xF0, // 4
+    0x10, // 4
+    0x10, // 4
+    0xF0, // 5
+    0x80, // 5
+    0xF0, // 5
+    0x10, // 5
+    0xF0, // 5
+    0xF0, // 6
+    0x80, // 6
+    0xF0, // 6
+    0x90, // 6
+    0xF0, // 6
+    0xF0, // 7
+    0x10, // 7
+    0x20, // 7
+    0x40, // 7
+    0x40, // 7
+    0xF0, // 8
+    0x90, // 8
+    0xF0, // 8
+    0x90, // 8
+    0xF0, // 8
+    0xF0, // 9
+    0x90, // 9
+    0xF0, // 9
+    0x10, // 9
+    0xF0, // 9
+    0xF0, // A
+    0x90, // A
+    0xF0, // A
+    0x90, // A
+    0x90, // A
+    0xE0, // B
+    0x90, // B
+    0xE0, // B
+    0x90, // B
+    0xE0, // B
+    0xF0, // C
+    0x80, // C
+    0x80, // C
+    0x80, // C
+    0xF0, // C
+    0xE0, // D
+    0x90, // D
+    0x90, // D
+    0x90, // D
+    0xE0, // D
+    0xF0, // E
+    0x80, // E
+    0xF0, // E
+    0x80, // E
+    0xF0, // E
+    0xF0, // F
+    0x80, // F
+    0xF0, // F
+    0x80, // F
+    0x80, // F
+];
diff --git a/src/chip8/input.rs b/src/chip8/input.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a86ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8/input.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use raylib::{RaylibHandle, ffi::KeyboardKey};
+
+use super::Chip8State;
+
+static RL_KEY_LAYOUT: [KeyboardKey; 16] = [
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_ONE,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_TWO,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_THREE,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_FOUR,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_Q,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_W,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_E,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_R,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_A,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_S,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_D,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_F,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_Z,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_X,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_C,
+    KeyboardKey::KEY_V,
+];
+
+pub fn handle_input(state: &mut Chip8State, rl_hdl: &mut RaylibHandle) {
+    for key in RL_KEY_LAYOUT {
+        let mapped_key = qwerty_to_chip8(key);
+        // let chip8_input_index = chip8_to_index(mapped_key);
+        if rl_hdl.is_key_down(key) {
+            state.input[mapped_key as usize] = true;
+        } else {
+            state.input[mapped_key as usize] = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn qwerty_to_chip8(keycode: KeyboardKey) -> u8 {
+    match keycode {
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_ONE => return 0x1,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_TWO => return 0x2,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_THREE => return 0x3,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_FOUR => return 0xC,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_Q => return 0x4,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_W => return 0x5,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_E => return 0x6,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_R => return 0xD,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_A => return 0x7,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_S => return 0x8,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_D => return 0x9,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_F => return 0xE,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_Z => return 0xA,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_X => return 0x0,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_C => return 0xB,
+        KeyboardKey::KEY_V => return 0xF,
+        _ => return 0,
+    }
+}
+
+// fn chip8_to_index(chip8_key: u8) -> u8 {
+//     match chip8_key {
+//         0x1 => return 0x0,
+//         0x2 => return 0x1,
+//         0x3 => return 0x2,
+//         0xC => return 0x3,
+//         0x4 => return 0x4,
+//         0x5 => return 0x5,
+//         0x6 => return 0x6,
+//         0xD => return 0x7,
+//         0x7 => return 0x8,
+//         0x8 => return 0x9,
+//         0x9 => return 0xA,
+//         0xE => return 0xB,
+//         0xA => return 0xC,
+//         0x0 => return 0xD,
+//         0xB => return 0xE,
+//         0xF => return 0xF,
+//         _ => panic!("Unknown Chip8 Key {}", chip8_key),
+//     }
+// }
diff --git a/src/chip8/memory.rs b/src/chip8/memory.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49093eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8/memory.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use super::Chip8State;
+use std::{io, path::Path};
+
+pub fn read_n_bytes(
+    buffer: &[u8],
+    buffer_len: usize,
+    start_addr: usize,
+    n_bytes: usize,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut addr = start_addr;
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    while addr != start_addr + n_bytes {
+        if addr >= buffer_len {
+            panic!(
+                "Couldn't read from Address {} exceeds buffer length {}",
+                addr, buffer_len
+            ) // nice error handling
+        }
+        bytes.push(buffer[addr]);
+
+        addr += 1;
+    }
+
+    return bytes as Vec<u8>;
+}
+
+pub fn load_bytes(state: &mut Chip8State, data: &[u8], data_len: usize, start_addr: usize) {
+    for i in 0..data_len {
+        state.mem[start_addr + i] = data[i];
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn load_file_to_memory<P: AsRef<Path>>(state: &mut Chip8State, filepath: P) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let fp = filepath.as_ref();
+
+    // read file to Vec(u8)
+    let program = std::fs::read(fp)?;
+
+    for i in 0..program.len() {
+        state.mem[state.r_pc as usize + i] = program[i];
+    }
+
+    // Should return Ok or Err
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src/chip8/renderer.rs b/src/chip8/renderer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e37d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/chip8/renderer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use super::Chip8State;
+use super::gpu::{CHIP8_DISPLAY_HEIGHT, CHIP8_DISPLAY_WIDTH};
+use raylib::{RaylibHandle, RaylibThread, color::Color, prelude::RaylibDraw};
+
+pub static DISPLAY_WIDTH: i32 = 640;
+pub static DISPLAY_HEIGHT: i32 = 480;
+
+pub fn render(state: &Chip8State, rl_handle: &mut RaylibHandle, rl_thread: &RaylibThread) {
+    let mut d = rl_handle.begin_drawing(&rl_thread);
+
+    // d.clear_background(Color::BLACK);
+
+    let scale_x = DISPLAY_WIDTH / CHIP8_DISPLAY_WIDTH;
+    let scale_y = DISPLAY_HEIGHT / CHIP8_DISPLAY_HEIGHT;
+
+    for y in 0..CHIP8_DISPLAY_HEIGHT {
+        for x in 0..CHIP8_DISPLAY_WIDTH {
+            // fix to render color based on exact bit for pixels
+            let color: Color;
+            if state.display[y as usize][x as usize] {
+                color = Color::WHITE;
+            } else {
+                color = Color::GREEN;
+            }
+            d.draw_rectangle(x * scale_x, y * scale_y, scale_x, scale_y, color);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d397c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use clap::Parser;
+
+mod chip8;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(version, about = "Chip 8 Emulator")]
+struct Args {
+    /// Turn on debug mode
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    debug: bool,
+    /// Set path for chip8 binary file to run
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    file: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    // TODO: should define my raylib/sound/etc handles here eventually and pass them down
+
+    if let Some(filepath) = args.file {
+        if args.debug {
+            chip8::run(filepath, true);
+        } else {
+            chip8::run(filepath, false);
+        }
+    }
+}